Liens – 4 mois de guerre

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  1. Jacques Briend, « Entre l’Égypte et les royaumes du nord, une ville qui traverse l’Histoire », Le Monde de la Bible, no 169, janvier-février 2006
  2. David M. Howard Jr, « Philistines », dans Alfred J. Hoerth, Gerald L. Mattingly et Edwin M. Yamauchi (dir.),, Peoples of the Old Testament World, Ada, Baker books, 1994, p. 231
  3. https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ARES181II.pdf
  4. Yoav Gelber, “Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem”, Liverpool University Press, 2006
  5. https://www.geo.fr/histoire/en-novembre-1956-la-premiere-occupation-de-gaza-par-israel-206895
  6. https://www.cairn.info/revue-la-geographie-2018-1-page-22.htm
  7. https://www.lemonde.fr/a-la-une/article/2006/01/26/victoire-des-islamistes-du-hamas-aux-elections-palestiniennes_734705_3208.html
  8. https://www.senat.fr/rap/r08-630/r08-630-annexe2.pdf
  9. Izzeldin Abuelaish (trad. de l’anglais, préf. Marek Glezerman), Je ne haïrai point : Un médecin de Gaza sur les chemins de la paix [« I shall not hate: a Gaza doctor’s journey on the road to peace and human dignity »], Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 2011
  10. https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1994/02/KRISTIANASEN/7040
  11. https://www.cairn.info/revue-outre-terre1-2005-4-page-277.htm?ref=doi
  12. https://www.lemonde.fr/a-la-une/article/2006/01/26/victoire-des-islamistes-du-hamas-aux-elections-palestiniennes_734705_3208.html
  13. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2007/01/27/affrontements-entre-le-hamas-et-le-fatah-a-gaza_860479_3210.html
  14. https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2007/06/13/le-hamas-en-passe-de-prendre-le-controle-de-gaza_923024_3218.html
  15. https://lefigaro.fr/international/a-gaza-un-bastion-retranche-entre-les-mains-du-hamas-20210723
  16. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/7/13/tracing-gazas-chaos-to 1948#:~:text=At%20the%20outset%20of%20the,was%20approximately%2060%2C000%20to%2080%2C000.
  17. https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population
  18. https://www.tf1info.fr/international/financement-du-hamas-le-leader-du-mouvement-khaled-mashal-detient-il-reellement-une-fortune-de-cinq-milliards-de-dollars-comme-le-dit-israel-2275674.html
  19. https://www.challenges.fr/monde/moyen-orient/qatar-iran-turquie-les-multiples-financements-du-hamas_870832
  20. https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/cw02999k2qqo
  21. https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/international/siege-de-la-bande-de-gaza-la-vie-de-2-millions-de-personnes-qui-pourrait-etre-compromise
  22. https://www.straitstimes.com/world/it-was-known-that-the-reaction-to-this-great-act-would-be-big-behind-hamas-bloody-gambit-to-create-a-permanent-state-of-war
  23. https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/general-assembly-adopts-33-resolutions-recommended-its-fourth-committee-including-renewal-unrwa-mandate-until-30-june-2026
  24. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/06/14/l-onu-a-recense-110-millions-de-deplaces-dans-le-monde_6177534_3210.html
  25. https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/Le-statut-des-refugies.html
  26. https://unwatch.org/les-profs-de-lonu-appellent-au-meurtre-des-juifs-devoile-un-nouveau-rapport/
  27. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/ditcher-le-monde-est-naif-au-sujet-du-detournement-de-largent-au-profit-du-hamas/
  28. https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-tunnels-stretch-at-least-350-miles-far-longer-than-past-estimate-report/
  29. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south
  30. https://vinnews.com/2023/10/16/huge-arsenal-of-weapons-indicate-hamas-planned-to-invade-ashkelon-kiryat-gat/
  31. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack
  32. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/26/world/europe/israel-ofakim-police-hamas.html
  33. Lili Bayer, Vivian Ho, Adam Fulton et Maya Yang, « Israel declares state of war after Hamas fires thousands of rockets and ‘militants cross border’ – live », The Guardian,‎ 7 octobre 2023
  34. « Israel-Palestine escalation live news: Hamas starts Operation Al-Aqsa Flood », Al Jazeera,‎ 7 octobre 2023
  35. https://apnews.com/article/israel-tunnel-war-gaza-hamas-350dbabc2890ee3c4fc2ec33c2a53f09
  36. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/10/28/attaque-du-hamas-retour-sur-le-7-octobre-une-journee-en-enfer-en-israel_6197016_3210.html
  37. https://news.sky.com/story/hamas-may-have-planned-israel-attack-for-more-than-a-year-documents-shared-with-sky-news-suggest-12984107
  38. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/death-count-from-massacre-at-reim-music-festival-reportedly-updated-to-364-a-third-of-oct-7-deaths/
  39. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67044255
  40. https://www.geo.fr/geopolitique/israel-gaza-hamas-benyamin-netanyahou-aurait-ignore-alertes-egyptiennes-preparation-operation-ampleur-echec-renseignement-217013
  41. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths
  42. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/09/mothers-children-held-hostage-hamas-all-we-want-is-them-home
  43. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/25/israel-hamas-rape-sexual-violence/
  44. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-22/ty-article-magazine/.premium/sexual-assault-evidence-against-hamas-is-mounting-but-the-road-to-court-is-still-long/0000018b-f6bb-dafe-a18f-f7fb0a570000
  45. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886/283948/RomeStatuteFra1.pdf
  46. https://www.la-croix.com/international/Israel-Gaza-sait-operations-armees-cours-2023-10-07-1201285893
  47. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/environ-200-000-israeliens-deplaces-a-linterieur-du-pays-a-cause-du-hamas-et-des-tensions-au-nord/
  48. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/13/israel-hamas-war-death-toll-in-gaza-climbs-to-1-537-with-over-423-000-people-displaced_6168911_4.html
  49. https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/hamas-israel-la-guerre-des-chiffres-25-01-2024-2550664_24.php
  50. https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/guerre-hamas-israel-ce-que-lon-sait-de-la-frappe-meurtriere-sur-lhopital-al-ahli-arabi-a-gaza-20231017_YJGI27DWLBDA7ODMMMU2UXA67E/
  51. https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/jordanie-des-milliers-de-manifestants-en-soutien-%C3%A0-gaza-pr%C3%A8s-de-lambassade-disra%C3%ABl-%C3%A0-amman-/3024898
  52. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/apres-le-carnage-de-l-hopital-al-ahli-de-gaza-la-cisjordanie-en-ebullition-s-en-prend-tant-a-israel-qu-a-mahmoud-abbas-20231018
  53. https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/victimes-des-bombardements-sur-gaza-peut-on-encore-faire-confiance-aux-chiffres-du-hamas-20231021_XDGED3XCTRGTTPYWU3AUTUHTSU/
  54. https://deadline.com/2023/10/bbc-wrong-to-speculate-on-gaza-hospital-blast-1235577943/
  55. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/pageoneplus/editors-note-gaza-hospital-coverage.html
  56. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/
  57. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/guerre-israel-hamas-gaza-encercle-des-centaines-detrangers-evacues-le-point-au-27e-jour-02-11-2023-TM7MUDR2PRATBOISN3RUF67JKU.php
  58. https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/direct-guerre-israel-hamas-le-point-sur-la-situation-ce-mercredi-8-novembre-2023-2027375
  59. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/conflit-hamas-israel-benyamin-netanyahou-sous-pression-des-etats-unis-20231109
  60. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/us/politics/hamas-hospitals-gaza-israel.html
  61. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67449095
  62. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/hopital-al-shifa-a-gaza-armes-ordinateur-ce-que-lon-sait-des-images-devoilees-par-israel-16-11-2023-HCBGLBSGYBFIVIG7V6BRBWNS6E.php
  63. https://www.cnews.fr/videos/monde/2023-11-20/israel-hamas-un-tunnel-decouvert-sous-lhopital-al-chifa-de-gaza-1420533
  64. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/otages-a-gaza-ce-que-lon-sait-des-images-de-lhopital-al-shifa-diffusees-par-israel-20-11-2023-XZS7WUCKPVCRZLVYPOP5NDDVUE.php
  65. https://www.france24.com/fr/moyen-orient/20231115-hopital-al-chifa-bande-gaza-armee-israelienne-hamas-israel-guerre-tunnels
  66. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/05/gaza-palestinians-tortured-summarily-killed-by-hamas-forces-during-2014-conflict/
  67. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/israel-attend-le-retour-d-un-premier-groupe-d-otages-20231122
  68. https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/israel/guerre-israel-hamas-accord-liberation-dotages-treve-humanitaire-on-vous-resume-un-jour-decisif-206cb466-8948-11ee-a1c0-8cef14bedf93
  69. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-sirens-warn-possible-rocket-attacks-gaza-2023-11-24/
  70. https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/international/guerre-israel-hamas-le-point-sur-les-otages-liberes-pendant-la-treve-et-ceux-encore-detenus-2760500
  71. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/la-treve-aurait-ete-rompue-apres-le-refus-du-hamas-de-liberer-plus-de-femmes-otages/
  72. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/israel-palestine/guerre-entre-israel-et-le-hamas-l-armee-israelienne-publie-une-carte-des-zones-d-evacuation-a-destination-des-civils-de-gaza_6217683.html
  73. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-report-israeli-battles-khan-younis-after-us-blocks-gaza-ceasefire-2023-12-10/
  74. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/12/16/l-armee-israelienne-reconnait-avoir-tue-par-accident-trois-otages-lors-d-une-operation-dans-la-bande-de-gaza_6206133_3210.html
  75. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/01/06/guerre-israel-hamas-de-nouvelles-frappes-sur-la-bande-de-gaza-devenue-inhabitable-selon-l-onu_6209380_3210.html
  76. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/gaza-larmee-israelienne-affirme-avoir-libere-deux-otages-lors-dune-operation-nocturne-a-rafah-12-02-2024-AFRQYZR43VAIJFVCHLTNZACGB4.php
  77. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/01/11/israel-has-yet-to-destroy-even-half-of-gazas-tunnels
  78. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/02/08/les-tunnels-du-hamas-le-defi-de-l-armee-israelienne_6215440_3210.html
  79. https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/israel/israel-affirme-avoir-trouve-un-tunnel-du-hamas-sous-le-qg-de-lunrwa-a-gaza-b7204c8a-c84d-11ee-9a26-b3fe0ec43b85
  80. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/unrwa-10-du-personnel-militerait-au-hamas-israel-suspecte-190-employes-detre-des-combattants-endurcis-30-01-2024-275ZEIGCHVCFJJWC74Q5R2Q56Q.php
  81. https://www.tf1info.fr/international/guerre-israel-hamas-soupconnes-dans-l-attaque-du-hamas-le-7-octobre-des-employes-de-l-agence-des-nations-unies-ecartes-2284138.html
  82. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/laide-a-lunrwa-suspendue-par-treize-pays/
  83. https://press.un.org/fr/2024/sgsm22126.doc.htm#:~:text=Le%20groupe%20d’examen%20commencera,rapport%20final%20sera%20rendu%20public.
  84. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/tsahal-a-tue-plus-de-9-000-terroristes-du-hamas-a-gaza-depuis-le-debut-de-la-guerre/
  85. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/israel-palestine/guerre-entre-israel-et-le-hamas-31-otages-sont-morts-parmi-les-136-captifs-dans-la-bande-de-gaza-confirme-l-armee-israelienne_6350896.html
  86. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/tsahal-libere-5-unites-mais-indique-que-les-combats-dureront-probablement-tout-2024/
  87. https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/guerre-contre-le-hamas-israel-dit-avoir-bientot-termine-la-phase-intensive-des-combats-a-gaza_228390.html
  88. https://www.un.org/fr/about-us/un-charter/full-text
  89. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and
  90. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/assets/treaties/470-AP-I-EN.pdf
  91. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2023-11-06/secretary-generals-press-conference-the-middle-east
  92. https://stratcomcoe.org/cuploads/pfiles/hamas_human_shields.pdf
  93. https://videoidf.azureedge.net/4db6393c-2657-42a6-a87c-46720678ea3a
  94. https://www.dailywire.com/news/hamas-confiscating-car-keys-from-civilians-to-prevent-them-from-leaving-gaza-intel-reports
  95. https://twitter.com/Osinttechnical/status/1713241560752533662
  96. https://www.la-croix.com/international/gaza-des-tracts-aux-versets-du-coran-comment-israel-communique-avec-les-palestiniens-20231207
  97. https://www.liberation.fr/international/guerre-hamas-israel-des-corridors-humanitaires-pour-deplacer-la-population-dans-la-bande-de-gaza-20231014_RNWYDSXGVFE7LBX33OFJ4W473Y/
  98. https://www.tf1info.fr/international/guerre-israel-hamas-le-roof-knocking-cette-technique-israelienne-utilisee-a-gaza-2272567.html
  99. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
  100. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war
  101. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war
  102. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886/283948/RomeStatuteFra1.pdf
  103. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/fr/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-52#:~:text=Les%20biens%20de%20caract%C3%A8re%20civil,strictement%20limit%C3%A9es%20aux%20objectifs%20militaires.
  104. https://www.leparisien.fr/international/israel/gaza-larmee-israelienne-confirme-avoir-bombarde-le-camp-de-refugie-de-jabaliya-indiquant-avoir-tue-un-commandant-du-hamas-31-10-2023-LYI5HWT44ZCMFAIGKFK62KQ47U.php
  105. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-convinced-hamas-al-shifa-hospital-command-center/story?id=104950718
  106. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/fr/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-54#:~:text=les%20langues%20suivantes.-,Article%2054%20%2D%20Protection%20des%20biens%20indispensables%20%C3%A0%20la%20survie%20de,famine%20comme%20m%C3%A9thode%20de%20guerre.
  107. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/fr/ihl-treaties/apii-1977/article-14#:~:text=les%20langues%20suivantes.-,Article%2014%20%2D%20Protection%20des%20biens%20indispensables%20%C3%A0%20la%20survie%20de,famine%20comme%20m%C3%A9thode%20de%20combat.
  108. https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/international/siege-de-la-bande-de-gaza-la-vie-de-2-millions-de-personnes-qui-pourrait-etre-compromise
  109. https://www.i24news.tv/fr/actu/israel-en-guerre/1697470481-gaza-le-hamas-derobe-24-000-litres-de-carburant-et-du-materiel-medical-a-l-unrwa
  110. https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/gaza-israel-autorise-l-entree-temporaire-d-aide-via-l-un-de-ses-points-de-passage-15-12-2023-2547251_24.php
  111. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza
  112. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/18/middleeast/gaza-water-access-supply-mapped-dg/index.html
  113. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-reopens-second-of-three-water-pipelines-into-gaza/
  114. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/vrai-ou-faux-est-ce-que-le-hamas-fabrique-des-roquettes-a-partir-de-canalisations-souterraines_6095577.html
  115. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/24634810/hamas-uses-civilian-sites-launch-rockets-israel/
  116. https://en.kohelet.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Legal-Issues-Regarding-a-Siege-on-the-Gaza-Strip-During-War-new.pdf
  117. https://www.i24news.tv/fr/actu/israel-en-guerre/1697470481-gaza-le-hamas-derobe-24-000-litres-de-carburant-et-du-materiel-medical-a-l-unrwa
  118. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/amid-uns-crisis-call-idf-reveals-hamas-amassed-500-000-litres-of-fuel-ask-if-you-can-have-some-101698212009775.html
  119. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/30/hamas-attack-october-7-a-day-of-hell-on-earth-in-israel_6213560_4.html
  120. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-03/abbas-stops-funding-gaza-electricity-to-pressure-hamas
  121. https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/hamas-israel-war-24/french-content/guerre-contre-le-hamas-donnees-provisoires/donnees-concernant-l-evacuation-de-la-population-civile-a-gaza/
  122. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/NR/rdonlyres/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886/283948/RomeStatuteFra1.pdf
  123. https://www.icrc.org/fr/doc/assets/files/other/customary-law-rules-fre.pdf
  124. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0#:~:text=Toutes%20les%20personnes%20qui%20ne,et%20de%20leurs%20pratiques%20religieuses.
  125. https://www.ohchr.org/fr/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war#:~:text=Article%2049&text=Les%20%C3%A9vacuations%20ne%20pourront%20entra%C3%AEner,ce%20secteur%20auront%20pris%20fin.
  126. https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231229-l-afrique-du-sud-accuse-isra%C3%ABl-devant-la-justice-internationale-d-actes-de-g%C3%A9nocide-%C3%A0-gaza
  127. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/guerre-israel-hamas-la-cij-ordonne-a-l-etat-hebreu-d-empecher-tout-eventuel-acte-de-genocide-a-gaza-20240126
  128. https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/guerre-bientot-la-fin-de-la-phase-intensive-de-l-offensive-israelienne-a-gaza
  129. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/12/28/israel-s-engage-avec-difficulte-dans-la-bataille-des-tunnels_6208089_3210.html
  130. https://www.france24.com/fr/moyen-orient/20231106-passage-de-rafah-entre-gaza-et-l-%C3%A9gypte-ce-n-est-pas-une-fronti%C3%A8re-normale
  131. https://www.i24news.tv/fr/actu/israel-en-guerre/1697470481-gaza-le-hamas-derobe-24-000-litres-de-carburant-et-du-materiel-medical-a-l-unrwa
  132. https://fr.timesofisrael.com/tsahal-a-tue-plus-de-9-000-terroristes-du-hamas-a-gaza-depuis-le-debut-de-la-guerre/
  133. https://www.france24.com/fr/moyen-orient/20231208-les-%C3%A9tats-unis-changent-de-ton-avec-isra%C3%ABl-signe-d-une-frustration-de-l-administration-biden
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